Because of the nature of English, it is difficult to give concrete definitions to parts of speech (verbs can work like nouns; nouns can be verbs), but grammar books tend to avoid this fact, thereby leaving students completely confounded when they return to the texts to complete assigments. I have found the MOST AMAZING grammar book ever; it has helped many students who couldn’t quite get this often loathed aspect of the English curriculum.
Analyzing English Grammar by Thomas Klammer is be an
awesome resource for those students who cannot get past the inconsistencies of grammar. EVEN BETTER NEWS: It is in its 5th edition, but there have only been very minor changes, so you can find really cheap copies (here it is on amazon.com or half.com).
The reason it is so good is because it provides different tests to go through to figure out if a word is a noun, verb, etc. These tests are kind of like the duck test (if it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, and waddles like a duck, it is a duck). This works because the authors focus on the FORM and FUNCTION of each word. They look at how the word appears (FORM) as well as how the word works in the sentences by using frame sentences (fill-in-the-blank sentences that you can insert the word being examined into to figure out what it is).
Here is the noun chart from the book:
TESTS FOR NOUNS
Formal Proof:
- Has a noun-making morpheme (governMENT)
- Can occur with the plural morpheme (governmentS)
- Can occur with the possessive morpheme (government’S decision)
Function Proof:
- Can directly follow an article (THE government, A government)
- Can fit in the frame sentence: (The) ________ seem(s) all right.
Here is the verb chart from the book:
TEST FOR VERBS
Formal Proof:
- Has a verb-making morpheme (criticIZE)
- Can occur with present-tense morpheme (criticizeS)
- Can have past-tense morpheme (criticizeD)
- Can occur in present tense (criticizING)
- Can occur with past-participle morpheme (had fallEN, was citicizeD)
Function Proof:
- Can be made into a command (CRITICIZE the novel!)
- Can be made negative (They did NOT criticize the novel)
- Can fit in one of the frame sentences
- They must ______ (it).
- They must ______ good.
The book does the same thing for clauses and phrases. I love this book so much that I have purchased two copies of it.